考研英语阅读精读精析这段文字选自一本学术著作，这是英语一翻译，当然，英语一的翻译也有逐渐简单化的趋势，近些年来都很少选专业的学术著作了，而是一些通识读本！当然，英语二就更简单了，翻译成中文以后就是小学生睡前故事读物，比如2018年英语二讲的关于比尔·盖茨的事情。大家可以试试看！

Inthemakingofconnectionsbetweenhumansocieties,theroleoftheseaisparticularlyfascinating.Connectionsacrosslargeopenspaceshavebroughttogetherpeoples,religionsandcivilizationsinstimulatingways.

(1)Sometimesthishasbeenthroughindividualencounters,astravellers,includingpilgrimsandmerchants,foundthemselvesvisitingalienenvironments;sometimesithasbeentheresultofmassmigrationsthathavechangedthecharacterofregions;sometimesithasbeentheresultasmuchofthemovementofgoodsasofpeople,whentheinhabitantsofdistantlandssaw,admired,andimportedorcopiedtheartworksofanotherculture,orreaditsliterature,orweretakenabackbysomerareandpreciousitemthatopenedtheireyestoitsexistence.Suchcontactsweremadeoverlandandupanddownriversystems,aswellasbysea;butoverlandtheyweremediatedbytheculturesthatlayalongtheroutesbeingfollowed,whereaslinksacrosstheseacouldtietogetherverydifferentworlds,asfarapartasPortugalandJapanorSwedenandChina.

(2)Thethreemajoroceanshaveattractedincreasinginterestasthestudyofmaritimehistoryhasexpandedbeyondwhatmightmoreproperlybecallednavalhistory,whichconcentratesonwarfare(orpeace-keeping)onthesurfaceofthesea,togreaterinvolvementwiththewiderquestionsofhow,whyandwhenpeoplecrossedlargemaritimespaces,whetherfortradeorasmigrants,andwhatsortofinterdependencewascreatedbetweenlandsfarapartfromoneanotherbythismovementacrosstheoceans.Thishasledtodebatesabouttheoriginsofglobalization,someofwhichhavebeenconductedatcross-purposes,sincetheconceptof‘globalization’isavagueonethatcanbedefinedinmanyways.

(3)AquestionrelatedtothethemeofglobalizationthathasoftenbeenraisediswhyEuropeansopeneduproutesacrosstheworldafter1500,inthewakeofColumbusanddaGama,whiletheChinese,underZhengHe,launchedextraordinarilyambitiousvoyagesintheearlyfifteenthcenturythatcametoasuddenstop.Thisleadsintoarangeofquestionsaboutthe‘GreatDivergence’betweenEuropeandAsiaorothercontinents,although,aswithglobalization,muchdependsonthecriteriaoneadoptstomeasuretheprocess.ThisbookmakesplainthedramaticeffectoftheentryofEuropeantradersandconquerorsintodistantoceansfollowingthevoyagesofColumbusanddaGama,whilealsoinsistingthatColumbus,daGamaandtheworldstheyexploredcanonlybeexplainedbylookingattheirlongantecedents.