公考之家为您分享以下优质知识
备考过及参加过托福考试的同学都有一个共同的感觉,所有题型中那个推理题不好解答。同学们的抱怨经常是找不到,不知道度如何把握。那么今天小编带大家一起来探讨一下推理型题目的相关知识吧。
首先看一下OG的解说ThesequestionsmeasureyourabilitytocomprehendanargumentoranideathatisstronglyimpliedbutNOTexplicitlystatedinthetext.
所以,推断题指文中包含推断所需信息,强烈暗示,但未直接陈述出来,需要考生:
从已知到未知
从客观到主观
从原文迈出一步
推理题题型辨别:题干中常用词:infer,imply,suggest,probably,mostlikely
leastlikely
试卷中所占比重:每篇0到3题,共3到5题。
常用题型表达:
Whatcanbeinferredabouthurricane?
It/whatcanbeinferredfrom
Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred…
Whatprobablyoccurred……
推理题的出题思路可以分为:有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)如:
2.Whatcanbeinferredaboutwhalesfromparagraph1?
○Theyareconsideredbysometobereptiles.
○Theirbodiesarebuiltinawaythathelpsthemmanageextremelycoldtemperatures.
○Theyaredistantlyrelatedtoleatherbackturtles.
○Theycanswimfartherthanleatherbackturtles.
无共性的推理题,也就是题干中监听索如Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred?我们无法用题目核心词确定目标句。
从解题思路来说,可以分为逆向推理和正向推理
逆向推理一般应用在形成对比的事物或者时间段
根据两个事物的对比特征出题,问其中一个事物的特征时,只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如:
Whatcanbeinferredaboutearlyseaotters?
A.Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike.
B.Thereweregreatnumbersofthem.
C.Theylivedintheseaonly.
D.Theydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.
据题干中的earlyseaotters确定的原文目标句Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dwellingmammals.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruseswhoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.目标句告诉我们的是earlyseaotters和firstwhales不像,所以我们可以把firstwhales的特点反过来就是答案了。所以本题选择A。
再来看一个时间对比的例子:这类推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。如:
ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforetheIndustrialRevolution
—familieswerelarger.
—populationstatisticswereunreliable.
—thepopulationgrewsteadily.
—economicconditionswerebad.
利用题干关键词beforetheIndustrialRevolution定位到BasiconanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountry’simpressivepopulationgrowth.ItappearedthatCanadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamiliesthathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution.因为目标中提到sincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution,smallerfamilies,所以之前应该是大家庭。答案选择A。
但是有时候需要略微转化一下原文和选项如:
Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthemajorityoffilmsmadeafter1927?
Theyweretrulysilent".
Theywereaccompaniedbysymphonicorchestras.
Theyincorporatedthesoundoftheactors’voices.
Theycorresponded(related)tospecificmusicalcompositions.
根据题干1927,找到目标句Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927assilent",thefilmhasneverbeen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.Fromtheverybeginning,musicwasregardedasanindispensableaccompaniment.
并且可以得到结论after1927,电影应该是有声的。可是选项里面后三个都是有声的,所以要进一步确定有什么声音。从原文第二句可以看出,音乐声是一开始都有的,所以此题的有声是指演员说话声。所以选择C.
总结一下有共性的题目的解题思路:读题干,确定是推理题
1.读题干,确定是推理题
2.识别题干中关键词
3.定位原文目标句
4.仔细阅读目标句,做出合适推理
5.浏览选项,得出答案(正向选择加排除法)
另外一种经典推理思路是正向推理法。
正向推理的条件:整体和部分特质一致
A:给定段落中无推理对象
B:举例引发的整体和部分推理
如:Whichofthefollowingreasonsissuggestedinparagraph2fortheextinctionofthedinosaurs?
ChangesinthelengthsofthedaysandnightsduringthelateCretaceousperiod
Droughtscausedbythemovementofseawaysbackintotheoceans.
ThechangefrommildtosevereclimatesduringtheLateCretaceousperiod
Anextremedecreaseintheaverageyearlytemperatureover10,000years
Overaperiodofabout100,000years,whiletheseaspulledback,climatesaroundtheworldbecamedramaticallymoreextreme:warmerdays,coolernights;hottersummers,colderwinters.Perhapsdinosaurscouldnottoleratetheseextremetemperaturechangesandbecameextinct.