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TelevisionhastransformedpoliticsintheUnitedStatesbychangingthewayinwhichinformationisdisseminated,byalteringpoliticalcampaigns,andbychangingcitizen'spatternsofresponsetopolitics.Bygivingcitizensindependentaccesstothecandidates,televisiondiminishedtheroleofthepoliticalpartyintheselectionofthemajorpartycandidates.Bycenteringpoliticsonthepersonofthecandidate,televisionacceleratedthecitizen'sfocusoncharacterratherthanissues.

Televisionhasalteredtheformsofpoliticalcommunicationaswell.Themessagesonwhichmostofusrelyarebrieferthantheyoncewere.Thestumpspeech,apoliticalspeechgivenbytravelingpoliticiansandlasting11/2to2hours,whichcharacterizednineteenth-centurypoliticaldiscourse,hasgivenwaytothe30-secondadvertisementandthe10second"soundbite"inbroadcastnews.Increasinglytheaudienceforspeechesisnotthatstandinginfrontofthepoliticianbutrathertheviewingaudiencewhowillhearandseeasnippetofthespeechonthenews.

Intheseabbreviatedforms,muchofwhatconstitutedthetraditionalpoliticaldiscourseofearlierageshasbeenlost.In15or30seconds,aspeakercannotestablishthehistoricalcontextthatshapedtheissueinquestion,cannotdetailtheprobablecausesoftheproblem,andcannotexaminealternativeproposalstoarguethatoneispreferabletoothers.Insnippets,politiciansassertbutdonotargue.

Becausetelevisionisanintimatemedium,speakingthroughitrequireachangedpoliticalstylethatwasmoreconversational,personal,andvisualthanthatoftheold-stylestumpspeech.Relianceontelevisionmeansthatincreasinglyourpoliticalworldcontainsmemorablepicturesratherthanmemorablewords.Schoolsteachustoanalyzewordsandprint.However,inawordinwhichpoliticsisincreasinglyvisual,informedcitizenshiprequiresanewsetofskills.

Recognizingthepoweroftelevision'spictures,politicianscrafttelevisual,stagedevents,calledpseudo-event,designedtoattractmediacoverage.Muchofthepoliticalactivityweseeontelevisionnewshasbeencraftedbypoliticians,theirspeechwriters,andtheirpublicrelationsadvisersfortelevisedconsumption.Soundbitesinnewsandanswerstoquestionsindebatesincreasinglysoundlikeadvertisements.

1.Whatisthemainpointofthepassage?

(A)CitizensintheUnitedStatesarenowmoreinformedaboutpoliticalissuesbecauseoftelevisioncoverage.

(B)CitizensintheUnitedStatesprefertoseepoliticiansontelevisioninsteadofinperson.

(C)PoliticsintheUnitedStateshasbecomesubstantiallymorecontroversialsincetheintroductionoftelevision.(D)PoliticsintheUnitedStateshasbeensignificantlychangedbytelevision.