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Ineighteenth-centuryFranceandEngland,reformersralliedaroundegalitarianideals,butfewreformersadvocatedhighereducationforwomen.Althoughthepublicdecriedwomen'slackofeducation,itdidnotencouragelearningforitsownsakeforwomen.Inspiteofthegeneralprejudiceagainstlearnedwomen,therewasoneplacewherewomencouldexhibittheirerudition:theliterarysalon.Manywritershavedefinedthewoman'sroleinthesalonasthatofanintelligenthostess,butthesalonhadmorethanasocialfunctionforwomen.Itwasaninformaluniversity,too,wherewomenexchangedideaswitheducatedpersons,readtheirownworksandheardthoseofothers,andreceivedandgavecriticism.
Inthe1750's,whensalonswerefirmlyestablishedinFrance,someEnglishwomen,whocalledthemselves"Blue-stocking,"followedtheexampleofthesalonnieres(Frenchsalonhostesses)andformedtheirownsalons.MostBluestockingsdidnotwishtomirrorthesalonnieres;theysimplydesiredtoadaptaprovenformulatotheirownpurpose—theelevationofwomen'sstatusthroughmoralandintellectualtraining.DifferencesinsocialorientationandbackgroundcanaccountperhapsfordifferencesinthenatureofFrenchandEnglishsalons.TheFrenchsalonincorporatedaristocraticattitudesthatexaltedcourtlypleasureandemphasizedartisticaccomplishments.TheEnglishBluestockings,originatingfromamoremodestbackground,emphasizedlearningandworkoverpleasure.Accustomedtotheregimentedlifeofcourtcircles,salonnierestendedtowardformalityintheirsalons.TheEnglishwomen,thoughsomewhatpuritanical,weremorecasualintheirapproach.
Atfirst,theBluestockingsdidimitatethesaonnieresbyincludingmenintheircircles.However,astheygainedcohesion,theBluestockingscametoregardthemselvesasawomen'sgroupandtopossessasenseoffemalesolidaritylackinginthesalonnieres,whoremainedisolatedfromoneanotherbytheprimacyeachheldinherownsalon.Inanatmosphereofmutualsupport,theBluestockingswentbeyondthesalonexperience.Theytraveled,studied,worked,wroteforpublication,andbytheiractivitieschallengedthestereotypeofthepassivewoman.Althoughthesalonniereswereawareofsexualinequality,thenarrowboundariesoftheirworldkepttheirintellectualpursuitswithinconventionallimits.Manysalonnieres,infact,camouflagedtheirnontraditionalactivitiesbehindtheroleofhostessanddeferredtomeninpublic.